Yin R. Case study research: design and methods. Thou- to help readers define the initial questions that will con- sand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; Thou- of the challenges of case study methods with respect to sand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; Travers M.
Qualitative research through case studies. London: pants in case study research, the role of the human research Sage; Thou- ethics committees throughout the design, development and sand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; Decision research: a field guide. Although the text is highly structured and is 9.
Grbich C. Qualitative research in health. Sydney: Allen and saturated with evidence, its delivery is almost conversa- Unwin; It feels as though the reader is conversing with the How to write a short paragraph montaigne essay analysis. Essay on traffic problems in mumbai drug research paper rubric, top problem solving writing for hire design research methods Case study download and cheap assignment ghostwriting website usa study download Case methods research and design?
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Resume organized thesis case study example. Professional creative essay ghostwriter website for mba: how to write a note card for a research paper. If the investigator incorrectly concludes that there IS a causal cannot tell whether the rec. Note that this logic is inapplicable to descriptive or Neighborhood change can indeed cover a wide variety of phenomena: exploratory studies whether the studies are case studies, surveys, or experi- racial turnover, housing deterioration and abandonment, changes in the pat- ments , which are not concerned with making causal statements.
Basically, a case study borhoods. To meet the test of construct validity, an investigator must be sure involves an inference every time an event cannot be directly observed. Thus to cover two steps: an investigator will "infer" that a particular event resulted from some earlier occurrence, based on interview and documentary evidence collected as part I.
Select the specific types of changes that are to be studied in relation to the of the case study. Is the inference correct? Have all the rival explanations and original objectives of the study and possibilities been considered? D,:,"s it appear to 2. Demonstrate that the selected measures of these changes do indeed reflect the be airtight?
A research design that has anticipated these questions has begun specific types of change that have been selected. The second step now demands that you I tify. This is especially true in doing case studies. As one set of suggestions, also justify why you might be using police-reported crime which happens Figure 2. Perhaps this is not a valid measure, given that large validity. As Figure 2.
The fIrst is the use of multiple sources ofevidence, In a manner encouraging convergent lines of inquiry, and this tactic is relevant External Validity during data collection see Chapter 4.
A second tactic is to establish a chain of evidence, also relevant during data collection Chapter 4. The third tactic The third test deals with the problem of knowing whether a study's findings are generalizable beyond the immediate case study. The external validity problem BOX 7 has been amajor barrier in doing Case studies.
Critics typically state that single How Case Studies cases offer a poor basis for generalizing. However, such critics are implicitly Can Be Generalized to Theory contrasting the situation to survey research, in which a "sample" if selected correctly readily generalizes to a larger universe.
Thus analysts fall into the trap of try10g to select a survey research relies on statistical generalization, whereas Case studies as "representative" case or set of cases. In analytical generaliza-. If a study had focused on "gentrifica- tion" see Auger, , the procedure for selecting a neighborhood for study De! In principle, theories about changes in all of these. A theory must be tested b "Jdi of a theory of urban planrung.
Once such Partial result, new empm. This replication logic is the Same that underlies the use of experiments and allows scientists to generalize from one experiment to another and, as shown in Figure 2. Note that the emphasis is on doing the same case over again, not on "replicating" the results of one case by doing another Case study. In accoun ng as If someoneone and bookkeeping. In thIS r ability check and must be able to One prerequisite for allOWing this other investigator to repeat an earlier Case study is the need to document the procedures follOwed in the earlier Case.
Four tests may be considered relevant in judging the quality of a research design. In designing and doing case studies, various tactics are designs designs available to deal with these tests, though not all of the tactics occur at the formal stage of designing a case study. Some of the tactics occur during the data collection, data analysis, or compositional phases of the research and are therefore described in greater detail in subsequent chapters of this book.
Four types of designs will be discussed, based on a 2 x 2 matrix see Figure 2. The matrix assumes that single- and multiple-case studies reflect different design situations and that, within these two types, there also can be a unitary or multiple units of embedded analysis. Thus, for the case study strategy, the four types of designs are a TYPE 2 TYPE 4 multiple units single-case holistic designs, b single-case embedded designs, c multi- ple-case holistic designs, and d multiple-case embedded designs.
The of analysis rationale for these four types of designs is as follows. This means the need for a decision, prior to any data collection, on whether a single-case study or multiple cases are going to be used to address the research questions. Such a study can even help to refocus future investigations The single-case study is an appropriate design under several circumstances. See BOX 8 for another example, in the field of organiza- First, recall that a single-case study is analogous to a single experiment, and tional innovation.
One rationale for a single case is when it represents the extreme or unique case. The theory has specified a clear set of propositions single case is worth doculI enting and analyzIng. To confirm, challenge, or extend the theory, there may exist a single case, meeting all of the conditions for testing the theory. The single case can ones, friends, pictures of famous people, or in some cases. This syndrome appears to be due to some phYSIcal Injury to the whether some alternative set of explanations might be more relevant.
In this brain. In such CIrcumstances, the functioning and the Cuban missile crisis described in Chapter I, BOX 2 , single-case study is an appropriate research design whenever a new person the single case can represent a significant contribution to knowledge and with this syndrome-known as prnsopagnosia--is encountered. Neal Another rationale for selecting a single--case rather than a multiple--case Gross et al. The case study is therefore worth conducting because The school was selected because it had a prior history of innovation and the descriptive information alone will be revelatory.
The book is about a single group of black men, living in a poor, innovations failed. Gross et al. Implementation about their lifestyles, their coping behavior, and 10 particular therr sensItivIty processes, rather than barriers, appeared to account for the outcomes.
The book provides! Prior to the study, analysts had focused on the been only obscurely understood. The single case showed how mvestigations identification of barriers; since the study, the literature has been much more of such topics could be done, stimulating much further research and eventually dominated by studies of the implementation process.
A third rationale for a single case study is the revelatory case. A outset. Liebow had the opportunity to meet the ,I mize the access needed to collect the case study evidence.
His observations of and insights into the problems ofunemployment I covered. Holistic versus embedded case studies. The same case study may involve were common across the country as distinguished from the rare or unique I more than one unit of analysis.
This occurs when, within a single. When other investigators have similar types of opportunities and can tention also is given to a subunit or subunits see BO. These three rationales serve as the major reasons for conducting a single-!
However the units are selected, the resuI'nng d ' eslgn i. The case study is about the inside politics of the International'! Ii would be called an embedded case study design see Figure 2. E 0 j:Q Another typical problem with the holistic design is that the entire case study may be conducted at an abstract level, lacking any clear i. Although some people have claimed J;. A major one occurs Multiple- versus single-case designs. In some fields, multiple-case studies when the case study focuses only on the subunit level and fails to return to have been considered a different "methodology" than single-case studies.
A program evaluation that includes project char- For example, both anthropology and political science have developed one acteristics as a subunit of analysis, for instance, becomes a project study if set of rationales for doing single-case studies and a second set for doing no investigating is done at the larger unit-that is, the "program. From the perspective of this book, however, subunit of study.
However, if the data focus only on individual employees, the choice between single- and multiple-case designs remains within the the study will in fact become an employment and not an organizational study. The choice is considered one of research design, with both being in- cluded under the case study strategy. Single cases are a common design for doing case studies, and Multiple-case designs have distinct advantages and disadvantages in com- two types have been described: those using holistic designs and those using parison with single-case designs.
The evidence from multiple cases is often embedded units of analysis. At the same time, the ration- of existing theory, where the case is a rare or unique event, or where the ale for single-case designs usually cannot be satisfied by multiple cases. The case serves a revelatory purpose.
Moreover, the conduct of a multi- of analysis or the case itself. An operational definition is needed and some ple-case study can require extensive resources and time beyond the means of precaution must be taken--before a total commitment to the whole case study a single student or independent research investigator.
Every case should serve a specific purpose within the overall scope Within the single case may still be incorporated subunits of analyses, so of inquirY. The subunits can consider multiple experiments-that is, to follow a ''replication'' logic. This often add significant opportunities for extensive analysis, enhancing the is far different from a mistaken analogy in the past, which incorrectly con- insights into the single case. This pling" logic.
The methodological differences between these two views are shift might in fact be justifiable, but it should not come as a surprise to the revealed by the different rationales underlying the replication as opposed to investigator. Replication, not sampling logic, for multiple-case studies. Thus, if one has access only to three cases of a rare, chmcal The same study may contain more than a single case.
When this occurs, syndrome in psychology or medical science, the appropriate research design I the study has to use a mUltiple-case design, and such designs have increased is one in which the same results are predicted for each of the three cases, in frequency in recent years. A common example is a study of school inno- thereby producing evidence that the three cases did indeed involve the same vations such as open classrooms, teacher aides, or new technology in which syndrome.
If similar results are obtained from all three cases, replication is independent innovations OCCur at different sites. Thus each site might be the said to have taken place. This replication logic is the same whether one subject of an individual case study, and the study as a whole would have used a multiple-case design. In each of these situations, an individual case or subject is considered akin to a single BOX 11 experiment, and the analysis must follow cross-experiment rather than Multiple-Case Studies within-experiment design and logic.
Much of its strength was attributable to the role of centralized reasons a theoretical replication. The ability to conduct six or ten case planning and support by government agencies. Gregory Hooks s studies, arranged effectively within a multiple-case design, is analogous to excellent case study points to a counterexample, frequently ignored by the ability to conduct six to ten experiments on related topics; a few cases advocates: the role of the U.
If all the cases turn out as predicted, these six to ten cases, in the and the microelectronics industry. One industry was much more dependent aggregate, would have provided compelling support for the initial set of upon government than the other.
However, in both cases, Hooks's evidence propositions. If the cases are in some way contradictory, the initial proposi- shows how the defense department supported the development of these indus- tions must be revised and retested with another set of cases.
An important step in all of these replication procedures is the development of a rich, theoretical framework. The framework needs to state the conditions under which a particular phenomenon is likely to be found a literal replica- are present, with the same prediction of little increase in use,.
The theoretical framework later becomes the vehicle for gener- If this entire pattern of results across these multiple cases is indeed found, the alizing to new cases, again similar to the role played in cross-experiment nine to twelve cases, in the aggregate, would provide substantial support for designs.
Furthermore, just as with experimental science, if some of the the initial proposition. See BOX 12 for another example of a multiple-case empirical cases do not work as predicted, modification must be made to the replication design, but from the field of urban studies. Remember, too, that theories can be practical, and not just academic. Three or four additional cases might be selected in which only administrative applications are present, with the prediction being f,, or impractical to survey the entire universe or pool.
Finally, three or or pool, with inferential statistics used to establish the confidence intervals four other cases would be selected in which only instructional applications for which this representation is actually accurate. Peter Szanton's book. Not Wen Advised l98! I1 1 The book is an excellent example of a multiple-case. The eight cases are sufficient ''replications'' to convince c. J- buDwld Iop Yet a third group Within each of the four groups of case studies.
Szanton has illustrated the principle of literal replication. Across the four groups. Case Study Method retical replication. This Any application of this sampling logic to case studies would be misplaced. Ihe sIudy is eminently feasible. This figure is derived from research on Ihe case sJudy meIhod; see Yin.
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